构造函数构造函数是类中在创建对象时自动调用的特殊方法用于初始化对象的属性class Person: def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): 用于创建实例并且返回实例 instance object.__new__(cls) return instance析构函数析构函数是对象被销毁时自动调用的特殊方法用于清理资源def __del__(self): 析构函数对象销毁时自动调用 print(f{self} 被销毁了) # 清理资源单例类单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例并提供全局访问点。class BaseManage: instance None def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls.instance is None: obj super().__new__(cls) cls.instance obj return cls.instance class PersonManage(BaseManage): def __init__(self): self.person_list [] pm1 PersonManage() pm2 PersonManage() print(pm1 is pm2)attr 方法hasattr(obj, name)检查是否有某属性True/Falsegetattr(obj, name, default)获取属性值属性值setattr(obj, name, value)设置属性值Nonedelattr(obj, name)删除属性Noneattr方法的单例类class PersonManage: def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, instance): obj super().__new__(cls) setattr(cls, instance, obj) return getattr(cls, instance) pm1 PersonManage() pm2 PersonManage() print(pm1 is pm2)